*FM 3-01
Field Manual
No. 3-01
Headquarters
Department of the Army

Washington, DC, 26 August 2025

U.S. Army Air and Missile Defense Operations Contents

Page

Preface... vii

Acknowledgements... ix

Introduction... xi

CHAPTER 1... 1

FOUNDATIONS OF ARMY AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE... 1

Section I – Overview... 1

Section II – Air Defense Artillery and the Air Threat... 3

Section III – Air Defense Artillery Role and Functions... 5

Section IV – The Army Air and Missile Defense System... 5

Section V – Principles, Tenets, and Imperatives... 6

Air and Missile Defense Foundational Principles and Employment Tenets... 6

Tenets of Operation and Imperatives... 9

Section VI – Air and Missile Defense Operations... 13

ADA in Support of Joint Operations... 15

ADA in Support of Multidomain Operations... 17

Section VII – Air and Missile Defense Operational Approach and Framework... 17

Operational Approach... 17

Strategic Framework... 18

Operational Framework... 18

Section VIII – Air Defense Artillery Training Considerations... 21

Commanders are the Primary Trainers... 21

Noncommissioned Officers Train Individuals, Crews, and Small Teams; Advise Commanders on all Aspects of Training... 22

Train Using Multiechelon Techniques to Maximize Time and Resource Efficiency... 22

Train as a Combined Arms Team... 22

Train to Standard Using Appropriate Doctrine... 23

Train as You Fight... 23

Sustain Levels of Training Proficiency Over Time... 23

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes FM 3-01, dated 22 December 2020

26 August 2025

FM 3-01

They were the first to fire and the last to lay down their arms and only reluctantly doing so after being given a directive. LTG Jonathan M. Wainwright This chapter provides an overview of Army air and missile defense (AMD). It begins with the introduction of AMD specific terms and continues with a short discussion of the aerial threat. It presents the role and capabilities of air defense artillery (ADA) and the ADA foundational principles and tenets. It then links these to the multidomain tenets of operations and imperatives. The chapter continues with a brief presentation of ADA contributions to joint operations and multidomain operations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of ADA training.

The ability to sense first, to understand first, to decide first, which gives you the ability to act faster than a future opponent, is going to be a significant advantage for any commander on the future battlefield. General John M. Murray This chapter focuses on the components of the ADA force—its leaders, command posts and operation centers, sensor and weapon systems, and enabling networks—that constitute the Army AMD system. The Army AMD system provides the capabilities to defend supported forces and other assets at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels in the United States and overseas. Joint commanders and operation centers are also addressed to provide the full context for the C2 of AMD forces.

Be audacious and cunning in your plans, firm and persevering in their execution, determined to find a glorious end. Clausewitz This chapter articulates how ADA contributes to the Army’s operations process. It discusses the Army’s operations process and how ADA subject matter experts and sections support this process throughout planning, preparation, execution, and assessment. It outlines roles, responsibilities, inputs, and expected outputs of the ADA force. This all leads to ensuring that the AMD output (products) can best portray the arrayal of ADA units and AMD plan (Annex I [Air and Missile Defense]) in support of the supported commander’s mission and desired end state.

Air defense would have been the last part of the maneuver plan to come together when [I]was in command of the 3rd Infantry Division. But the increased threat of long-range fires means air defense will have to be included earlier in the planning process. If you're a young air defender, I think you've got to demand your seat at the table in the maneuver discussion. General James E. Rainey This chapter expands on the discussions of AMD planning, preparation, execution, and assessment presented in chapter 3. Whereas chapter 3 dealt extensively with planning, chapter 4 provides extended discussions of capabilities, actions, and guiding control and coordinating measures in preparation and execution. Chapter 4 describes how ADA units, at echelon, perform AMD operations in support of a higher headquarters scheme of AMD and supported commander’s concept of operations. It addresses additional considerations in performing the various tasks inherent in each of the elements of the operational process.

In any moment of decision, the best thing you can do is the right thing, the next best thing is the wrong thing, and the worst thing you can do is nothing.” President Theodore Roosevelt This chapter begins with an explanation of the Army strategic contexts in relation to the joint competition continuum. It continues with descriptions of AMD activities in the competition and crisis phases. Section II discusses joint and Army activities and their ADA implications during competition below armed conflict. Section III addresses escalation from competition to crisis, ADA in crisis situations, and transition from crisis back to competition or escalation to armed conflict.

We’ll write our history in the skies. BG Edward “Big Ed” Timberlake This chapter addresses operations during armed conflict, specifically large-scale combat operations. It provides an overview of large-scale combat operations, noting an enemy’s generic approach to such operations and the AMD responses by the ADA force. This is followed by sections that describe deployment and entry, offensive and defensive operations and the actions of ADA forces in each. The focus of most of the discussions is the actions of the maneuver force and those of supporting ADA units.

This appendix provides a template of Annex I (Air and Missile Defense) to a supported commander’s operation plan/order. Annex I is developed in collaboration with the supported commander and staff and the ADA higher headquarters. ADA commanders at all levels should use this format to develop their own plans, supplementing them to reflect additional guidance or intentions. [CLASSIFICATION] ANNEX I (AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE) to OPERATION PLAN or ORDER __ [number] [code name]— [issuing headquarters] (classification of title) ACKNOWLEDGE: Include only if attachment is distributed separately from the base order. [Commander’s last name] [Commander’s rank] The commander or authorized representative signs the original copy of the attachment. If the representative signs the original, add the phrase “For the Commander.” The signed copy is the historical copy and remains in the headquarters’ files. OFFICIAL : [Authenticator’s name] [Authenticator’s position] Use only if the commander does not sign the original attachment. If the commander signs the original, no further authentication is required. If the commander does not sign, the signature of the preparing staff officer requires authentication and only the last name and rank of the commander appear in the signature block. ATTACHMENTS: List lower-level attachment (appendixes, tabs, and exhibits). Appendix 1– AMD Execution Matrix Appendix 2– Enemy Force Arrayal Appendix 3– Friendly Force Arrayal Appendix 4– Support Relationships Appendix 5– Airspace Management Measures Appendix 6—Sensor Plan Appendix 7– Coordinating Instructions (as necessary) Appendix 8-AMD Communications Architecture DISTRIBUTION: Show only if distributed separately from the base order or higher-level attachment [page number] [CLASSIFICATION] ADA air defense artillery JP joint publication ADP army doctrine publication MANPAD man-portable air defense AMD AR C-UAS DODMDODMDepartment of the Defense Manual FARP FM IFF IPOE air and missile defense army regulation counter-unmanned aircraft system department of defense manual forward arming and refueling point field manual identification, friend or foe intelligence preparation of the operational environment METT-TC mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, civil considerations, and informational considerations millimeter operation order petroleum, oils, and lubricants rules of engagement standard operating procedure mm OPORD POL ROE SOPSOPStandard Operating Procedures

This appendix discusses the AMD execution matrix and how it is used as a decision support tool to guide ADA leaders and Soldiers in identifying and synchronizing their unit’s tasks with the supported commander’s mission objectives. The AMD execution matrix introduces the memory aid Sense, Track, Target, Engage, and Assess (referred to as ST2EA) to assist ADA planners in determining how to prioritize essential AMD tasks as they plan and conduct operations.

Russia’s attacks mark the largest employment of offensive missile systems in Europe since World War II. Other potential adversaries across the globe are developing, fielding and normalizing the use of increasingly diverse, robust and lethal offensive missile systems in an attempt to gain coercive power and strategic advantage over the United States and our allies and partners. LTG Daniel Karbler This chapter summarizes existing and emerging threat aerial tactics and identifies the air and missile threats facing the Army and joint warfighting forces. The air and missile threats are addressed in terms of generic capabilities. The threats to be countered by ADA systems are ballistic missiles, large-caliber rockets, cruise missiles, air-to-surface missiles, hypersonic weapons, UASs, manned fixed-and rotary-wing aircraft, and indirect fires (rockets, artillery, and mortars). Questions used by ADA analysts to evaluate threat capabilities are appended to the end of each threat discussion. Electromagnetic warfare, cyberspace, and threats from space are also addressed.

The glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army or joint definitions. Where Army and joint definitions differ, (Army) precedes the definition. The proponent publication for terms is listed in parentheses after the definition.

Entries are by paragraph number.